Facebook says it deleted or added warnings to about 29 million posts that broke its rules on hate speech, graphic violence, terrorism and sex, over the first three months of the year.
It is the first time that the firm has published figures detailing the scale of efforts to enforce its rules.
Facebook is developing artificial intelligence tools to support the work of its 15,000 human moderators.
But the report suggest the software struggles to spot some types of abuse.
Facebook表示，在今年的三個月內，它刪除或增加了對大約290000個帖子的警告，這些帖子違反了其關於仇恨言論、暴力、恐怖主義和性行為的規定。
這是該公司第一次公佈詳細的資料，詳細說明了執行規則的努力。
Facebook正在開發人工智慧工具，以支援15,000名人類版主的工作。
但報告指出，該軟體很難發現某些類型的濫用。
For example, the algorithms only flagged 38% of identified hate speech posts over the period, meaning 62% were only addressed because users had reported them.
By contrast, the firm said its tools spotted 99.5% of detected propaganda posted in support of Islamic State, Al-Qaeda and other affiliated groups, leaving only 0.5% to the public.
The figures also reveal that Facebook believes users were more likely to have experienced graphic violence and adult nudity via its service over the January-to-March quarter than the prior three months.
例如，該演算法只標記了在該時間內識別38%的仇恨語音資訊，這意味著62%的語音資訊需要使用者提出報告才會被處理。
相比之下，該公司稱其工具發現了99.5%的被發現的支援伊斯蘭國、基地組織和其他附屬組織的宣傳，只給公眾留下0.5%的支持。
這些資料還顯示，Facebook認為，使用者在1月至3月的服務期間，比去年10-12月更有可能經歷過圖形暴力和成人裸體。
But it said it had yet to develop a way to judge if this was also true of hate speech and terrorist propaganda.
"As we learn about the right way to do this, we will improve the methodology," commented Facebook's head of product management, Guy Rosen.
但它表示，它還沒有找到一種方法來判斷這是否也適用於仇恨言論和恐怖主義宣傳。
“隨著我們學習正確的方法，我們將改進方法，”Facebook的產品管理負責人，Guy Rosen評論道。
Violent spike
Facebook broke down banned content into several categories:
- graphic violence
- adult nudity and sexual content
- spam
- hate speech
- fake accounts
On the latter, the company estimates about 3% to 4% of all active users on Facebook are fake, and said it had taken 583 million fake accounts down between January and March.
暴力高峰
Facebook將被禁內容分為以下幾類:
影像暴力
成人裸體和性內容。
垃圾郵件
仇恨言論
假帳戶
對於後者，該公司估計Facebook上所有活躍用戶中約有3%到4%是假的，並表示在1月至3月期間，該公司已經接收了5.83億份假帳戶。
The figures indicate graphic violence spiked massively - up 183% between each of the two time periods in the report.
It said that a mix of better detection technology and an escalation in the Syrian conflict might account for this.
這些數字表明，在報告的兩次時間內，暴力事件激增了183%。
這可能牽涉到，因為探測技術變的更好及和敘利亞衝突的升級。
A total of 1.9 million pieces of extremist content were removed between January and March, a 73% rise on the previous quarter.
That will make promising reading for governments, particularly in the US and UK, which have called on the company to stop the spread of material from groups such as Islamic State.
今年1月至3月期間，共刪除了190萬份極端主義內容，較上一季度增加73%。
這將為各國政府——尤其是美國和英國政府——提供有力的解讀，它們呼籲該公司停止從伊斯蘭國(Islamic State)等組織傳播材料。
"They're taking the right steps to clearly define what is and what is not protected speech on their platform," said Brandie Nonnecke, from University of California, Berkeley's Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society.
But, she added: "Facebook has a huge job on its hands."
加州大學伯克利分校資訊技術研究中心的Brandie Nonnecke說:“他們正在採取正確的步驟，明確界定什麼是可以的言論，什麼是不可以的言論。”
但是，她補充道:“Facebook有一項巨大的工作要做。”
'Screaming out of the closet'
The complexity of that job emerges when considering hate speech, a category much more difficult to control via automation.
The firm tackled 2.5 million examples in the most recent period, up 56% on the October-to-December months.
“從壁櫥裡尖叫出來”
如何用機器人判斷仇恨言論時，這種工作的複雜性就會顯現出來，而這一類別在自動化中更難控制。
該公司在最近一段時間內處理了250萬例，在10月至12月期間增長了56%。
Human moderators were involved in dealing with the bulk of these, but even they faced problems deciding what should stay and what should be deleted.
"There's nuance, there's context that technology just can't do yet," said Alex Schultz, the company's head of data analytics.
人類版主處理這些大部分的問題，但即使是他們也面臨著決定應該留下什麼以及應該刪除哪些內容的問題。
該公司的資料分析主管Alex Schultz表示:“有細微差別，但技術目前還不能做到這一點。”
"So, in those cases we lean a lot still on our review team, which makes a final decision on what needs to come down."
To demonstrate this, Mr Schultz said words that would be considered slurs if used as part of a homophobic attack had different meaning when used by gay people themselves. So, deleting all posts using a certain term would be the wrong choice.
“因此，在那些情況下，我們仍然依賴於我們的審查團隊，這就決定了我們需要做什麼。”
為了證明這一點，Schultz 先生說，如果作為同性戀恐懼症的一部分，在同性戀者自己使用時，會被認為是侮辱性詞語。因此，使用某個術語刪除所有帖子將是錯誤的選擇。
"But how do you know I'm gay if you're reviewing my profile?" he asked.
"For me, I put it at the top of the profile - I've come screaming out of the closet, I am very openly gay.
"But that isn't true of everyone, and we can't know that. This is a very difficult problem."
他問道:“你怎麼知道我是同性戀呢?”
“對我來說，我把它放在了最重要的位置——我尖叫著從壁櫥裡出來，我是非常公開的同性戀。”
但這不是每個人都能做到的，我們也不可能知道。這是一個非常困難的問題。
Staggering samples
In an attempt to discover what it may have missed, the social network carried out random sampling.
It took an unspecified number of posts that had been viewed on Facebook, and made a note of how often a piece of content was in violation of its policies.
The results were troubling.
驚人的樣品
為了發現它可能遺漏了什麼，社交網路進行了隨機抽樣。
該公司在Facebook上發佈了不明確數量的貼文，並記錄了一段內容違反其政策的頻率。
結果是令人不安的。
According to the sample, as many as 27 posts in every 10,000 contained some form of graphic violence. Given the 1.5 billion daily users of the service, that could means tens of millions of violent posts go unchecked every day.
The same technique estimated between seven to nine posts in every 10,000 contained adult nudity or sexual content.
根據該樣本，每10,000個中有27個貼文包含了某種形式的暴力。鑒於每天有15億使用者使用該服務，這意味著每天都有上千萬的暴力貼文未被檢查。
同樣的技術在每1萬個包含成人裸體或性內容的貼文中，估計有7到9個。
The amount of terrorism-related material was too small to sample in this way, Mr Schultz said. And on hate speech, he said, the company lacked any "reliable data" on total volume.
"We can't currently measure how prevalent hate speech violations were on Facebook, because when we're asking our representatives to go and look, 'Is this hate speech, is this not?', it is very difficult to score that.
"We're making mistakes and we're trying to get better at measuring it."
Schultz 表示，與恐怖主義相關的材料數量太少，無法以這種方式取樣。在仇恨言論上，公司沒有任何“可靠的資料”。
“我們目前無法衡量Facebook上的仇恨言論有多普遍，因為當我們要求我們的代表去看的時候，‘這是仇恨言論嗎，這不是嗎?’這是很難分辨的。
“我們犯了錯誤，我們正試圖更好地衡量它。”
'Privilege payroll'
But Dottie Lux, an event organiser in San Francisco, who campaigns against Facebook's perceived failure to combat the targeting of minority groups, said difficulty was no excuse.
“特權工資”
但是， San Francisco的活動組織者Dottie Lux表示，困難並不是藉口。其組織反對Facebook在打擊少數群體目標方面的失敗。
"I'm running out of sympathy for 'This is really hard,' because it's really not new," she said.
"They find time to release dating apps and they find time to attach to my bank account, but they don't find time to figure out who their users are."
Ms Lux, who described herself to me as a "gay Jewish lady with a gay Jewish perspective", said relying on user reports to police hate speech was fundamentally flawed because it could be abused to silence others.
"You just give people with malicious intent the ability to act maliciously," she said.
她說:“我對‘臉書說這真的很難’表示同情，因為這真的不是什麼新鮮事。”
“他們擠出時間來發佈交友應用程式，他們找到了時間來連接我的銀行帳戶，但他們沒有時間去弄清楚他們的用戶是誰。”
Lux女士稱自己是“一個猶太同性戀者”，她說，根據用戶報告對員警的仇恨言論有根本上的缺陷，因為它可以被濫用來讓其他人安靜下來。
她說:“你只是給那些懷有惡意的人可以行動去做壞事。”
Moderation army
Facebook remains coy about the make-up of its human moderation team.
It said it did try to make sure US-based workers handled incidents where an understanding of American culture was beneficial - likewise for incidents in other countries.
But Ms Lux feels the company needs to be more open.
"If you are hiring people who don't exist in certain social circles, different cultures, it's not going to be effective," she said.
"It's just going to perpetuate the same issue."
不同文化背景的員工
Facebook對其人類節制團隊的構成仍然不願直說。
該公司表示，它確實試圖確保美國員工處理那些對美國文化有益的事件——同樣也適用於其他國家的事件。
但Lux 認為，公司需要更加開放。
她說:“如果你雇傭的人不存在於某些社會圈子，不同的文化，那就不會有效。”
“這只會延續同樣的問題。”
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翻譯練習，中文僅供參考
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